$B!x(B6$B!!(Bケインズ乗数効果理論の誤りに関する証明の$BN.$l(B
$B9)Gn!!NSM-0lO:(B
ケインズ$BEj;q(B乗数効果理論に基づくケインズ有効需要原理$B!JM-8z<{MW$N86M}!K(Bは数学的に誤りである。
ケインズ乗数効果$B$OB8:_$7$J$$!#(B
$BJ?@.(B15$BG/(B12$B7n=i9FH/I=(B
$B$3$3$K$"$kFbMF$O!"8=Be7P:Q3X$NCf$G!"$H$F$b=EMW$G$O$"$k$,!J3F9q$N6bM;GK$?$sLdBj!K!"L$$@2rEz$,F@$i$l$F$$$J$$LdBj$G$"$k!#9M;!$r?<$a!"=q$-2C$($F$$$/$&$A$K!"0JA0$K=q$$$?FbMF$NCf$K=$@5$9$Y$-E@$,8+$($F$-$?!#$=$l$G!"O@=R$NCf$KL7=b$,$"$k>l9g$O!"8e=R$NJ}$r@5$H$7$F$b$i$$$?$$!#:G8e$K$O!"A4$F=q$-D>$9$D$b$j$G$"$k!#(B
$B$^$($,$-(B
$B!!!X8[MQ!&Mx;R$*$h$S2_J>$N0lHLM}O@!Y$O!"(B1935$BG/(B - 1936$BG/$K!"%8%g%s!&%a%$%J!<%I!&%1%$%s%:!J(BJohn
Maynard Keynes$B!K$K$h$C$FCx$5$l$?!#$=$N;~0JMh!"%1%$%s%:>h?t8z2LM}O@$K4p$E$$$?M-8z<{MW86M}(B$B!JM-8z<{MW$N86M}!K(B$BM}O@$O8=Be7P:Q3X$N4pHW$N0l$D$r3NN)$7$?!##7#0G/$N4V!"$=$NM}O@$O!"652J=q$K$*$$$F$N$_$J$i$:!"/?t$N0[5D$r=|$1$P!"$I$s$JK\$b%&%(%V%5%$%H$b!"%1%$%s%:>h?t8z2LM}O@$K7k$S$D$$$?M-8z<{MW$N86M}$K4p$E$$$F5-=R$5$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!%1%$%s%:Ej;q>h?t8z2LM}O@$X$N0[5D$b!"(B$B?t3XE*$J!"Kt2q7W3X>e$N>ZL@$r7g$$$?$b$N$G$"$k$+(B*$B!"(B$BEj;q>h?t$NB8:_$rG'$a$?>e$G!"$=$NEj;q>h?t8z2L$O>.$5$$$H$7$F$$$k!#(B
* $BJ?@.(B21$BG/(B7$B7n#1#1F|!"%*!<%9%H%i%j%":_=;$N(BBrian
Chapman$BGn;N$h$jFMA3(Be-mail$B$rD:BW$7$?!#$=$l$K$h$k$HF1;a$bD9G/$KEO$C$F%1%$%s%:>h?t8z2L<0$N8m$j$r8&5f$5$l$F$*$j!"A0Lk$KI.H$5$l$?$$!#%1%$%s%:>h?t8z2L<0$O8m$j$G$"$k$H$$$&7kO@$OI.
http://www.qedinteractive.com.au/DissEcon.html
http://www.qedinteractive.com.au/Chapman%20Keynesian%20Multiplier%20Paper%20for%20ATEC%202009%20Revised.pdf
$B!!1Q8l%3%s%F%s%D!"(BChapter1$B!"!x(B4$BCf$N(B[Question-18]$B$r8+$FM_$7$$!#L\2<$N8!F$$9$Y$-J}Dx<0$O!"$[$s$N(B2$B9T(B($B2<5-!K$G$"$k!#(B
Y2 = C2 +
I2 , ΔY2 = ΔC2 + ΔI2,
ΔC2 =
ΔC1 = aK ΔY1, ΔY2 =ΔY1,
ΔY1 - aK ΔY1 = ΔI2,
ΔY1
= ΔI2 / (1 - aK). If a K
=0.6, we have ΔY1= 2.5ΔI2.
$B!!(BFig.3-3$B$OH~$7$$!#>e5-$N<0$O!"(BΔI2$B"*(BΔI2+ ΔNX2 + ΔG2$B$HCV$-49$($?<0$r4^$a$F!"3N$+$K91Ey<0$@!#$I$3$K$b8m$j$O8+$D$+$i$J$$!#(B $B#7#0G/$N4V!"C/$b$,>h?t8z2LM}O@$N??h?t8z2L$r5?$C$F$b!"C/$b$=$NM}O@$r?t3XE*$KH?>Z$7!"$=$l$KBe$o$k?7$7$$M}O@$rDs<($9$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$+$C$?!#(B
$B!!I.h?t(B1/(1-MPC)$B$N0?$kDj?t$H$7$F$NB8:_$OG'$a$F$b!"$=$l$O%1%$%s%:$N0U?^$7$?Ej;q>h?t8z2L$r0UL#$9$k$b$N$G$O$J$$!"B($AEj;q>h?t8z2L$O?t3XE*$KB8:_$7$J$$$3$H$r
Fig.3-3$B!!%1%$%s%8%"%s>h?t8z2L?^(B |
$BH]Dj>ZL@$N;O$^$j(B
(1)$B!!(B$B0lJ}$K$*$$$F!"5-9f&$(BY2$B$O<0!J(B3-37$B!K$K<($5$l$k$h$&$K!"Ev3:G/EYFb$N(BGDP$B$N3F@.J,$NA}J,$NOB$rI=$9$?$a$K;HMQ$5$l$k!#B>J}$K$*$$$F!"5-9f&$(BY1$B$O!"(BY1$B:BI8<4>e$K$*$$$F!"Nc$($P&$(BG2$B$N$_$HEy2A$JCM$r<($9$?$a$K;HMQ$5$l$k!#FC5-$N$J$$8B$j!":G=i$NDj5A$r:NMQ$9$k!#5-9f$N4JC12=$N$?$a$K!"&$@/I\>CHq!a(B0$B$G$"$k$b$N$H$9$k!#(B
$B&$(BY2 =$B&$(BC2 + $B&$(BI2
+ $B&$(BNX2 + $B&$(BG2 |
(3-37) |
(2)$B!!(B$BFI2$B!J>CHq:b!K$O!"(BY2$B!J:G=*@8;::b!K$H$$$&7P:QLL$G$N7P:QNL(BΔY2$B$N0lItJ,$G$"$k!#>CHq$H$$$&L>$O!"(BGVA$B$NCf$N@.J,$,>CHq$H$$$&L>$N2<$K=8$a$i$l$?$b$N$G$"$k!#(B
(3)$B!!(B$BFI$B<0!J(B3-37$B!K1&JU$N3F@.J,$O!"$"$k4|4VFb$G$B$3$H$rG'$a$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#$=$N<0$NCf$K$*$$$F!"$"$k@8;:J*$O4{$K@8;:$5$l!"JL$N@8;:J*$O!"$^$@@8;:$5$l$F$$$J$/!"L$Mh$N2?;~$NF|$+$K@8;:$5$l$k$G$"$m$&$H$$$&$h$&$J$3$H$O5v$5$l$J$$!#$b$7!"FI
(4)$B!!(B$BFI1
($B=jF@(B) = ΔY2
($B:G=*@8;:J*$NGd>e(B) =
ΔY3
($BCf4V@8;:J*9XF~$r=|$$$?862A$HMx1W!K$,(B1$BG/4VFb$G$J$j$?$D$3$H$rG'$a$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#99$K!"(BΔY1=Σ$B@.J,(B1$B!"(BΔY2=Σ$B@.J,(B2$B!"(BΔY3=Σ$B@.J,(B3$B$HJ,2r$G$-$k$H$-!"Nc$($P!"(BΔY1=ΔY2$B$,$J$j$?$D$H$-$O!"(BΣ$B@.J,(B1=Σ$B@.J,(B2$B$,$J$j$?$D$3$H!"5Z$S$=$N$H$-!"$I$A$i$+$NJU0lJ}$@$1$+$i@.J,$N0lIt$r8:$8$F$O$J$i$J$$$3$H$rG'$a$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#(B
(5)$B!!(B$BFI1$B!"(BΔY2$B!"(BΔY3$B$N7P:QE*FCD9$rG'$a$?$b$N$H$9$k!#$=$l$i$N7P:Q;XI8$O!"3F!9$N@.J,$r;}$C$F$$$k!#Nc$($P!"(BΔY3$B$N@.J,$O8[MQ>j!&!&Ey!"(BΔY2
$B$N@.J,$O%;%/%?!<(B1$B;:6H!"%;%/%?!<(B2$B;:6H!&!&!&$N:G=*@8;:J*Ey$G$"$k!#FI2 $B!K$N0?$k@.J,!JNc$($P!"(BΔC2$B!K$O!"JL$N7P:QLL$N@.J,!JNc$($P!"8[MQ>j!&!&Ey!K$NAH@.$G35G0E*$KI=$7F@$k$H$$$&$3$H$rG'$a$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#$3$N35G0$O!";:6HO"4XI=$G:NMQ$5$l$F$$$k35G0$G$"$k!#$J$*!"1QJ8!"(BPart2,Chapter2$B!"!x(B1 $B$K$*$$$F!"(B
$BI.[ΔY2(GDP)$B$N@.J,%Y%/%H%k(B]$B!a(B[$BJQ49%^%H%j%C%/%9(B][ΔY3(GVA)$B$N@.J,%Y%/%H%k(B]$B$N4X78$,M6F3Ds<($5$l$F$$$k!#(B$B=>$C$F!"K\Mh!";:6HO"4XI=$NCf$K!">h?t8z2L35G0!J=jF@A}$K$h$kBh#2
(6)$B!!(B$B:G=*@8;:J*!"=jF@!";Y=P$O!"(B1$BG/0JFb$KF1;~$K1( =
ΔG2 )$B$r1$B$N;q6b$O!"0\E>$d3$B!J8[MQ
(7)$B!!(BAssumption5
( $B&$(BNX2 + $B&$(BG2 = 0$B!"(B$BKt$O&$(BI2=$B&$(BNX2=0$B!"(B$B1QJ8!x(B3)$B$N:NMQ$r2>$K5v$9$b$N$H$9$k$J$i$P(B$B!"(B$B%1%$%s%8%"%s%/%m%9$G$O!J2
= ΔG2 +ΔC2$B$,@.N)$9$k$3$H$rFIh?t8z2L$H$7$FCN$i$l$F$$$k=jF@(BΔY1
=ΔG2/(1 - aK)$B$r4{$KCN$C$F$$$k!#(BΔG2/(1 - aK)=(ΔY2 - ΔC2)/(1 - ΔC2/ΔY2)
= ΔY2=ΔG2+ΔC2$B$G$"$k!#(B
$B!!%1%$%s%9>h?t8z2L<0$O!"(BΔG2$B$r2$B$KM6H/$5$l$F2?;~$NF|$+!K!"%1%$%s%:>h?tG\$N=jF@$,F@$i$l$k$HM}2r$5$l$F$$$k!#$7$+$7$J$,$i!">e5-<0$O!"7k6I$N$H$3$m!"@/I\$O!"=jF@&$(BY1=ΔG2/(1 - aK)$B$r2=ΔG2+ΔC2$B$r&$(BY1$B$H&$(BY2$B$rB,Dj$9$k4|4VFb$K3N
$B!!2$B$N2$B$,4{$KH/@8$7$F$$$k$H$$$&$3$H$r<($7$F$$$k$N$@$H$$$&;v$B!J!v!K!#(BFig.3-3$B$O!"@5$7$/$OF1?^$NCf$G!"(BΔY2=ΔG2$B$r(BΔ Y2=ΔG2+ΔC2$B$HCV$$$F!"(BFig.4-6$B$N$h$&$K=$@5$5$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#(B [$B!v$3$l$O!"6Q9UM}O@2r@O$K$h$kI,A3$N7k2L$G$"$k$3$H$,8e$K<($5$l$k!#(B]
Fig.4-6$B!!=$@5$5$l$?%1%$%s%8%"%s%:>h?t8z2L?^(B |
$B!!$7$+$7$J$,$i!"$3$N$3$H$O!"(BΔG2$B$@$1$+$i<+A3$K!JM6H/E*$K!K(BΔY1
(=ΔG2+ΔC2)$B$rAO=P$7$h$&$H$9$k@/I\$NL\E*$G$O$J$$!#$3$NE@$+$i!"(BFig.4-6$B$O!"(BAssumption5
$B$N2<$G!"(BΔG2$B$H(BΔC2$B$NN>2$B$N$_$KBP$7$F$O(BFig.4-6$B$b8m$j$G$"$k(B$B!#FI2=0$B$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$$3$H$r3NG'$5$l$?$$!#=>$C$F!"(BFig.3-3$B$OFs=E$K8m$C$F$$$k!#(B
(8)$B!!(B$BC/$+$O$3$&8@$&$+$b$7$l$J$$!#!V;Y=P&$(BG2$B$N$_$+$i!"D>$A$K!"=jF@&$(BY1=$B&$(BG2 +$B&$(BC2$B$rF@$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$$3$H$0$i$$CN$C$F$$$k!#2f!9$O!">CHq@-8~!"$"$k$$$O&$(BG2$B$+$iM6H/$5$l$?>CHq0UM_$K4p$E$$$F!"&$(BC2$B$rL$Mh$N2?;~$NF|$+$KF@$k$3$H$r4|BT$7$F$$$k$N$@!W!#$3$N$B>-Mh$K4|BT$9$k>CHq&$(BC2$B$NM6H/$O!"&$(BG2$B$,2$B$O4{$KBg$$$K7P:Q8z2L$rF@$F$$$k$N$G$"$k(B$B!#(B
$B!!%"%&%H%W%C%H!J:G=*@8;:J*!K&$(BG2$B$H$=$l$KBP1~$9$k%$%s%W%C%H!J(BGVA$B!K$H$N4X78$O!"(BFig.3-14$B$K<($5$l$k!#2$B$O!"$=$l$,L5$+$C$?$i!"K\Mh(BGVA$B$NCf$GL14VEj;q$N8:>/$K$h$j8:>/$9$Y$-4k6HMx1W$N0lIt$K$J$C$?$N$+$b$7$l$J$$$7!"8[MQ
Fig.3-14$B!!;:6HO"4XI=?^(B
|
(9)$B!!(B$BFI2-Y1$BLdBj$H!"1QJ8!"!x(B4$B!"(B[Question-18]$BCf$K<($5$l$k&$(BI2-Y1$BLdBj$H$O!"8_$$$K>/$7$P$+$j0c$C$?LdBj$G$"$k$H$$$&$3$H$rCN$k$Y$-$G$"$k!#I.$BA02=
$B&$(BNX2= 0$B$,2>Dj$5$l$F$*$j!"8e2 =$B&$(BNX2 = 0$B!"Kt$O&$(BI2$B$NCf$K&$(BG2$B$H&$(BNX2$B$,4^$^$l$k$H$$$&$3$H$,2>Dj$5$l$F$$$k!#(B
(10)$B!!(B
読者は今までの説明を了解されたであろうか。実は、今までの説明に$B$O!"(B大きな誤りがあるのである。要するに、$B%1%$%s%:>h?t8z2L$r<($9(BFig.3-3$B$H(BFig.4-6$B$O!"(BΔC2= 0$B$H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$$+$i$H$$$&M}M3$r=|$$$F$b!"(B全くの誤りなのである。これら二つの図は、式(31)に対して、Assumption5(ΔI2=ΔNX2= 0)という仮定を設けて作られたものである。それで、$B&$(BY1=ΔG2/(1-aK)が得られた。実は、Assumption5を設けることはできない。何故なら、ΔY1=ΔG2/(1-aK -
aI -aNX)であり、aI(限界民間投資性向)は大きな値であり、 aI = 0と仮定することはできない$B$N$G$"$k(B(英文、$B!x(B4$B!"(B[Answer-24]参照)。aI
$B$r9MN8$7$?$i!"%1%$%s%:>h?t$O(B10$BG\0J>e$K$b$J$k$G$"$m$&!#(B
$B!!$3$N$3$H$K$D$$$F!"$b$&>/$7@bL@$r2C$($h$&!#(BAssumption5(ΔI2=ΔNX2= 0)$B$,B8:_$7$J$$2<$G$N2r@O$r%1!<%9(B1$B$H$7$h$&!#(BAssumption5$B$N2<$G$N2r@O$r%1!<%9(B2$B$H$7$h$&!#8B3&>CHq@-8~$O!"(BaK=ΔC2/ΔY2 $B$GDj5A$5$l$k!#%1!<%9(B1$B$N2<$G$O!"$b$7!"(BaK=0.6$B$G$"$k$H$9$l$P!"(B(ΔI2
+ΔG2+ ΔNX2)/ΔY2 =0.4$B$,@.$jN)$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!%1!<%9(B2$B$N2<$G$O!"F1$8>r7o$G!"(BΔG2/ΔY2
=0.4$B$,@.$jN)$D$3$H$K$J$k!#$3$l$O!"8=2/ΔY2$B$N2/Y2$B$NE}7WCM$K6a$$$G$"$m$&!#2>$K(BΔG2/ΔY2=0.1$B$H$9$k!#$=$&$G$"$l$P!"(BΔG2$B$H(BΔY2$B$r4^$`?^$G$O!"I,$:!"(BΔG2$B$O(BΔY2$B$N(B1/10$B6a$/$NBg$-$5(B(ΔY2=10ΔG2)$B$GIA$+$l$F$$$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#(B
$B!!(BFig.4-6$B$r8+$F8+$h$&!#%1!<%9(B2$B$N2<$G!"&$(BY2$B$H&$(BG2$B$NHf$O(B1$BBP(B0.4$B$GI=$5$l$F$$$k!#$3$l$O!"&$(BI2$B$H&$(BNX2
$B$NB8:_$rL5;k$7$?$?$a$K5/$3$C$?$b$N$G$"$j!"(BFig.4-6$B$OA4$/$N8m$j$G$"$k!#$3$N860x$O!"(B$B&$(BY1$B$N0UL#$9$k$H$3$m$OJQ$($F$$(B$B$J$$(B(ΔY1$B$O<0!J(B3-37$B!K1&JU$NA4It!K$N$K!"<0!J(B3-37$B!K$N1&JU$+$i$@$1&$(BI2
+$B&$(BNX2$B$r>C5n$7$?$?$a$G$"$k!J&$(BC2 + $B&$(BG2 $B$O<0!J(B3-37$B!K1&JU$N0lItJ,!K!#$3$3$G!"&$(BY2$B!b&$(BY1$B$,$*$-!"%1%$%s%8%"(B$B%s%/%m%9>r7o$,K~B-$5$l$F$$$J$$(B$B$3$H$K$J$k!#=>$C$F!"%1%$%s%:>h?t8z2LM}O@$NBg$-$J8m$j$N0l$D$O!"(BAssumption5(ΔI2=ΔNX2 = 0)$B$r@_$1$?$3$H$K$"$C$?$3$H$K$J$k!#(B[$B$3$NCJMn$O!"8e$G6Q9UM}O@\$7$/O@$8$k!#(B]
$B!!:G=i$+$i!"(BY1 =C2 + G2 $B$HDj5A$7$F$$$?$i!"$3$N:8JU$H1&JU4V$NL7=b$,@8$8$F$$$J$+$C$?$3$H$K5$$,IU$+$l$?$G$"$m$&$+!#C"$7!"L14VEj;q$OB8:_$7$J$$$H$$$&Hs8=i
(i=1,2, )$B$H$=$l$i$NA4BN!J$3$l$bMWAGJQ?t$H$_$J$9!K$+$i$J$k0?$k%7%9%F%`$K$*$$$F!"0?$kFCJL$JMWAG(Bx$B#j(B$B$N$_$,B>$NMWAGJQ?t$NHy>.JQ2=$N1F6A$rDj$r@_$1$k>l9g$r9M$($h$&!#Nc$($P!"Ej;q$@$1$,Mx;RN($N4X?t$G$"$k$H$$$&$h$&$J>l9g$G$"$k!#$3$NLdBj$G!"Mx;RN($K4X78$7$J$$MWAG$N2r@O$rHyJ,$rH<$C$F9T$&$H$-$K$O!"MWAG$H$7$F$NEj;q$HA4BN$NCf$NEj;q$NN>J}$rF1;~$K=|$+$M$P$J$i$J$$$3$H$OMF0W$KM}2r$G$-$k$G$"$m$&!#(B
$B!!B;1WJ,4tE@M}O@$+$i!"DB6b$K$O@8;:NL$NJQ2=$KHfNc$7$FJQ2=$9$kDB6b$H8GDjHqE*$JDB6b$,B8:_$9$k$3$H$r!":#$G$OC/$G$bCN$C$F$$$k!#Nc$($P!"@8;:NL$HDB6b$r4^$`862A$HMx1W$K4X$9$k2r@O$r9T$&$H$-!"$3$N2r@O$KBP$7!"HyJ,2r@O$r9T$&$H!"FCJL$KCm0U$7$J$$$H!"8GDjHqE*$JDB6b$,H4$1Mn$A$F$7$^$&$N$G$"$k!#$3$l$i$,!"HyJ,2r@O$N7P:QM}O@2r@O$G$b$J$5$l$F$$$J$$$+!":F6cL#$NI,MW$,$"$k!#(B
(11)$B!!(Ba(t)$B$r;~4V(Bt$B$NHs@~7A4X?t$H$7!"(BaK(t)
= $B&$(BC2(t) / $B&$(BY1(t) , aI(t)
= $B&$(BI2(t) / $B&$(BY1(t), aNX(t) = $B&$(BNX2(t) / $B&$(BY1(t), aG(t) = $B&$(BG2(t)
/ $B&$(BY1(t)$B$HI=$9!#(BaK(t), aI
(t)$B$J$I$O3F:b2_$N8B3&;Y=P@-8~$G$"$k!#$3$N$H$-!"G$0U$N#t$K$*$$$F!"(BaK(t)
= $B&$(BC2(t)/ $B&$(Bt / ( $B&$(BY1(t)/ $B&$(Bt )$B$G$"$k$3$H$+$i!"
aK (t) + aI (t)
+ aNX
(t)
+ aG (t) =1 |
(3-R7) |
$B:F$S<0(B(3-R7)$B$NN>JU$K&$(BY(t) (= $B&$(BY1(t)
= $B&$(BY2(t))$B$r3]$1$l$P!"
$B&$(BY(t) = aK (t) $B&$(BY(t)
+ aI
(t) $B&$(BY(t) + aNX
(t)$B&$(BY(t) + aG (t) $B&$(BY(t) $B!!(B |
(3-R7-1) |
$B<0(B(3-R7-1)$B$+$i!"Nc$($P!"
$B&$(BY(t)=$B!!(B($B&$(BI(t) + $B&$(BNX(t) +
$B&$(BG(t) )/$B!J(B1$B!!(B-$B!!(BaK(t) ) |
(3-R7-2) |
$B&$(BY(t)=$B!!(B( $B&$(BC(t) + $B&$(BI(t) ) /$B!J(B1
- aNX(t) - aK(t) ) |
(3-R7-3) |
$B!!<0!J(B3-R7-2$B!K$O!"
($B&$(BI(t) + $B&$(BNX(t)
+ $B&$(BG (t)) : $B&$(BY(t) = $B!J(B1$B!!(B-$B!!(BaK(t) )
: 1$B!!!!!!!!!!(B |
(3-R7-4) |
$B&$(BC(t) : $B&$(BY(t) = aK(t) : 1 |
(3-R7-5) |
$B!!B($A!"<0!J(B3-R7$B!K$d!"<0(B(3-R7-4)$B$H<0(B(3-R7-5)$B$NAH$_9g$o$;$O!"A4BN&$(BY(t)$B$HItJ,&$(BC(t)$B!"(B
$B&$(BI(t)$B!"(B $B&$(BNX(t)$B!"(B $B&$(BG(t)$B$H$N4V$N3d9gHfN($rI=$7$F$$$k!#(B$B$=$&$G$"$k$,8N$K!"<0(B(3-R7-2)$B$O(B$B91Ey<0$J$N$G$"$k(B$B!#(B
$B!!99$K!"5-9f$N4JC1$N$?$a$K!"4V@\@G(B=0$B$H2>Dj$9$k$H$-!"&$(BGVA
$B$O!"&$(BGVA = $B&$(B D+ $B&$&P(B+ $B&$(BW$B!!(B+$B&$(BT$B!!(B-$B!!&$(BT = $B&$&P(B + $B&$(BW$B!"$3$3$K!"&P!a1D6HM>>j!"(BW$B!a8[MQ@\@G$r4^$`0\E>$HI=$5$l$k!#(BGVA$B$H(BGDP$B$N4V$N4X78$+$i!"5-9f(B(t)$B$r>JN,$7$F!"
$B&$(BY = ($B&$&P(B + $B&$(BW ) +
($B&$(BC + $B&$(BI + $B&$(BNX + $B&$(BG) - ($B&$&P(B +
$B&$(BW)
+ ($B&$(BT - $B&$(BT) |
|
= ($B&$&P(B+ $B&$(BW ) +{$B&$(BI + ($B&$(BG - $B&$(BT) +$B&$(BNX} -($B&$&P(B +$B&$(BW - $B&$(BT - $B&$(BC) |
(3-R7-6) |
$B!!A05-(B$B!J(B10$B!K(B$B$K=R$Y$?$h$&$K!"2?8N!"2>Dj&$(BI2=$B&$(BNX2=0$B$r@_$1$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$$N$+!)$=$NM}M3$O!"(B
Y2,$B!!(BC2, I2, G2, NX2$B$+$i$J$k(B5$B8D$N7P:QNL4V$K$*$$$F!"I,$:<0!J(B3-37$B!K$,$J$j$?$?$M$P$J$i$J$$$+$i$G$"$k!#$=$l$O!"F1$8$/!"<0(B(3-37)$B$,I,$:$J$j$?$?$M$P$J$i$L$3$H$HF1$8$G$"$k!#$3$N0UL#$O!"3F:b2_$O
(a)$B!!<0!J(B3-37$B!KKt$O<0!J(B3-R7$B!K$,@.$jN)$D$h$&$K!"3F:b2_$O@8@.$5$l$k!#(B
(b)$B!!3F:b2_$O!"K\Mh!"8_$$$KFHN)$G$"$j$J$,$i!"8_$$$K4Q;!$7$"$$!"8_$$$K1F6A$r$P8_$$$K=>B0E*!"FHN)E*$K@8@.$5$l$k!#(B
$B#c(B)$B!!<0!J(B3-R7-6$B!K$K$*$$$F!"r7o$rK~B-$9$k$h$&$K!"3F:b2_$O@8@.$5$l$k!#(B
$B&$(BI + ($B&$(BG - $B&$(BT) +$B&$(BNX = $B&$&P(B +$B&$(BW - $B&$(BT - $B&$(BC |
(3-R7-7) |
($B#d(B)$B!!!V<0!J(B3-R7$B!K$N:8JU3F9`$O>o$KDj?tCM$G$"$k!W$H$$$&$3$H$OI,$:$7$b$J$$!#(B
(e)$B!!#37P:Q;XI84V$K4X$9$kJ}Dx<0$NCf$G!"3F9`$O2<5-(B$B!J(B19$B!K(B$B$K<($9B;1WJ,4tE@7?%$%s%W%C%H!&%"%&%H%W%C%H?^$rK~B-$9$k$h$&$K?M4V$N0U;V$,H?1G$5$l$F!"@8@.$5$l$k!#(B
$B!!=>$C$F!"e!"EvA3$K5/$-$k!#Nc$($P!"&$(BG2$B$r4v$iA}$d$7$F$b!"&$(BY2$B$O0l8~$KA}$($J$$!#&$(BG2$B$r$[$s$N>/$7A}$d$9$3$H$K$h$C$F!"B>$N:b2_@8;:$,BgI}$KA}2C$9$k(B $B!#(B
$B!!$3$l$,?M4V$N7P:Q3hF0$N4pK\86M}$G$"$k!#(B
(12)$B!!(B$BDj$r@_$1$k!#(B
$B2>Dj(B7:$B&$(BG2 = $B&$(BNX2 = 0 |
$B2>Dj(B7$B$N2<$G$O(B$B!"(BFig.4-6$B$K$*$$$F!"&$(BG2$B$NBe$o$j$K&$(BI2$B$rCV$-49$($??^$,F@$i$l$k!#$3$N>l9g$K$O!"&$(BG2 =
0$B$G$"$k$?$a!"(B$BDI2CE*@/I\;Y=P$NLdBj<+BN$,$J$j$?$?$J$$!#(B
|
(13)$B!!(B$B>e=R$N(B仮定7$B$K;w$F$$$k$,!"Dj$r@_$1$k!#(B
$B2>Dj(B8:$B&$(BG2+$B&$(BNX2$B$O!"&$(BIT$B$NCf$K4^$^$l$k!#(B |
$B!!2>Dj(B8$B$N2<$G$O!"(BΔY2=ΔC2+ΔIT
$B$,F@$i$l$k!#$3$N>l9g$N%1%$%s%:>h?t8z2L?^$O!"(BFig.4-6$B$G(BΔG2$B$r(BΔIT$B$GCV$-49$($??^$r!V%1%$%s%:86Cx?^!W$H$J$E$1(B,Fig.
5-5$B$K<($9!#(B
Fig. 5-5 $B%1%$%s%:86Cx?^(B |
$B!!$3$N7P:Q%b%G%k$O(B,$BT$B$r6!5k$7$?$i!"4|4V$rDj$a$:!"(B$B2?;~$NF|$+(B$B!"(BΔ$B#C(B2$B$,(BΔIT$B$K8+9g$C$F<+A3$K6!5k$5$l$k$b$N$H$7$F$$$k!#$3$N?^$G$O!"%1%$%s%8%"%s%/%m%9>r7o(B($B&$(BY2=$B&$(BY1)$B$OK~B-$5$l$F$$$k!#(BMPC$B$OB8:_$9$k$N$@$+$i!"$3$N?^$r7P:Q8=>]$N2r@O$K;H$C$F$*$+$7$J$3$H$,5/$-$k$@$m$&$+!#(B
$B!!>\$7$/$O1QJ8!"(B5.3$B!"(B5.4$B!"(B$B!x(B5$B$K@bL@$7$F$$$k$,!"7kO@E*$K8@$($P!";~4V$NJQ2=$rH<$&7P:Q2r@O$K%1%$%s%:86Cx?^$r;H$&$3$H$O$G$-$J$$!#%1%$%s%:86Cx?^%b%G%k$O!"(BC2$B$H(BIT$B$N(B2$BFHN)JQ?t!"(BY2$B$N(B1$B=>B0JQ?t$+$i$J$k(B2$B<+M3EY7O%7%9%F%`$G$"$k!#%1%$%s%:$,(BMPC$B$NB8:_$N2>Dj$r@_$1$?=V4V$K!"%7%9%F%`$K(B1$B8D$N<+M3EY94B+>r7o$,2C$($i$l$k!#$=$N7k2L!"%7%9%F%`$O(B1$B<+M3EY7O%7%9%F%`$H$J$k!#(B
$B!!%1%$%s%:$O>h?t8z2L(BΔY1$B!a&$(BIT/(1-MPC)$B$rT$B$O!"(B1$B<+M3EY7O%7%9%F%`$K;D$C$?(B1$B8D$NFHN)JQ?t$G$"$i$M$P$J$i$J$$!#&$(BIT$B$O;~4V$KL54X78$JJQ?t$H$7$F!"(BΔY2$B$N;OE@$GM?$($i$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#&$(BC2$B$O&$(BIT$B$K=>B0$9$k!#=>$C$F!"&$(BC2$B$H&$(BIT$B$NN>h?t8z2L?^$,<($97P:Q$O!";~4V7P2a$K4X78$7$J$$7P:Q$G$"$k!#$3$N4X78$r(BFig.5-4$B!"$K<($9!#C"$7!"&$#y!a&$(BIT$B!"&$#x!a&$(BC2$B!"&$#z!a(BΔY2$B$G$"$k!#(B
$B!!(Bついでながら、我々は残った1変数に対し、ΔC2を選ぶこともできる。このときは、ΔY1=ΔC2/MPCである。同じように、ΔY1はΔC2に従属し、両者とも時間の経過に関係しない。ΔY1(=ΔY2)とΔC2とΔITからなるシステムが1自由度系であるとは、これらの各変数が時間の関数であってもよいが、結局はこれらの動きはシステムの全体であるΔY11個の動きで$BM#0l$K(B決まり、ΔC2とΔITはΔY2の中の一定$BHfN($N(B成分であるということである。
(14)$B!!(B$B%1%$%s%:86Cx?^M}O@$K$*$$$F$O!"A4BN&$(BY2$B!"B($A&$(BC2$B$H&$(BIT$B$O;~4VJQ2=$K4X78$;$:!"%3%s%H%m!<%kITG=$JJQF0$9$k?M4V$N0U;V7hDj$K4X78$9$k!#$5$i$K!"&$(BIT$B$O>o$K&$(BY2$B$N:G=*6!5k$NA0$KM?$($i$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#$D$^$j!"%1%$%s%:86Cx?^$,<($97P:Q$H$O!"(BC2$B$H(BIT$B$,;~4V$NJQ2=$K4X78$7$J$$7P:Q$G$"$k!#$3$NDj$5$l$F$$$k$B!!$3$N7P:Q%b%G%k$O!":b2_$d=jF@$N8=:_$NJ,G[$NLdBj$r2r@O$9$k$K$OE,Ev$+$b$7$l$J$$$,!";qK\o7P:Q>uBV$K$*$1$k7P:Q$NF0$-$r2r@O$9$k$K$O8~$$$F$$$J$$!#$3$N;kE@$O!";qK\o7P:Q>u67$K$*$1$kBgLdBj!"$J$+$s$:$/!"<:6HLdBj$r2r@O$9$k>l9g$K$OFC$K=EMW$G$"$k!#(B
(15)$B!!(B$B%1%$%s%:86Cx?^M}O@$K$*$1$kBg$-$J7g4Y$O!"&$(BIT$B$N6!5k$r0U?^$7$?=V4V$K!"(BMPC$B>r7o$,GK$l$k$H$$$&$3$H$G$"$k!#$3$NLdBj$r2r7h$9$k$?$a$K$O!";~4V$K4X78$7$J$$&$(BIT$B$N6!5k$K9g$o$;$F!"F1;~$K!"=V;~$K!"&$(BIT$B!&(BMPC/(1-MPC)$B!a&$(BC2$B$r6!5k$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#(B
(16)$B!!(B$B%1%$%s%:86Cx?^M}O@$K$*$1$k2$B$r6!5k$9$k=V4V$K@8$8$k!#$3$N$3$H$r(BFig
5-6$B$r;H$C$F@bL@$7$h$&!#(B $B&$(BIT = $B&$(BI2+$B&$(BNX2+$B&$(BG2$B$H$9$k!#K\2r@O$K$*$$$F&$(BG2$B$r(B1$B<+M3EY$N3:Ev$9$k(B1$BJQ?t$H$7$F&$(BG2$B$rA*Br$9$k$H$-!"F1;~$K;D$j$N&$(BI2$B$H&$(BNX2$B$NLr3d$r9MN8$7!"$=$l$r2r@O$NCf$K
$B!!%1%$%s%:86Cx?^M}O@$K$h$j!"%1%$%s%:>h?t8z2L<0&$(BY1$B!a!J(BΔI2+ΔNX2+ΔG2$B!K(B/(1
- MPC)$B$,F3$+$l$k!#(BMPC$B$O(BΔIT$B$KBP$7$FDj5A$5$l$F$$$k!#=>$C$F!"(BΔG2$B$N6!5k$KH<$C$F!"&$(BC2$B$@$1$G$J$/!"(BΔI2$B$H(BΔNX2$B$b!"F1;~$K!"=V;~$K6!5k$5$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#(B $B$3$N$3$H$O!":$$C$?>u67$r0z$-5/$3$9!#%1%$%s%:86Cx?^M}O@$G$O!"<:6HLdBj2r@O$K$*$$$F!"(BΔI2$B$H(BΔNX2$B$O(BΔG2$B$KH<$C$F=V;~$K6!5k$5$l$J$$(B($BL14VEj;q<{MW$,8:>/$9$k!K$+$i$3$=!">h?t8z2LM}O@$r;H$&$+$i$G$"$k!#(B
$B!!%1%$%s%:86Cx?^M}O@$G$O!"(BΔG2$B$N6!5k$KH<$C$F!"F1;~$K!"=V;~$K!"(BΔC2$B!"(BΔI2$B!"(BΔNX2$B$N6!5k$,MW@A$5$l$k!#%1%$%s%:86Cx?^M}O@$,$3$N$h$&$J$b$N$G$"$C$F$b!"$3$NM}O@$NF0E*7P:QLdBj2r@O$K$*$1$kM-8z@-$r/$J$/$H$b!"F0E*$J7P:QLdBj2r@O$KBP$7$F$O$=$N8zNO$r<:$&$G$"$m$&!#(B
(17)$B!!(B$B>e=R$N$h$&$K!"7P:Q$O;~4V$K4X$7FHN)$JB?<+M3EY7O$G$"$k$Y$-$J$N$K!"k =
MPC$B$G$"$k!#$J$*!">CHq@~$O(B2$B<4$K@ZJR$r;}$D!#(BKuznets$B7?$O!"@~7A@~$G86E@$rDL$k!#
Fig. 3-11 Corrected Keynesian multiplier effect model |
$B!!I.o7P:Q$NCf$NB?$/$N<+M3EY$r;}$D7P:Q%7%9%F%`$NCf$+$i!"7k2LE*$J>CHq$NF0$-$@$1$r8+$k$3$H$K$h$C$FF@$i$l$?$b$N$G$"$k!#4k6HMx1W$rJ];}$7$h$&$H$9$k8D!9$N4k6H$NEXNO$HCHq?4M}$K4p$E$/8B3&>CHq@-8~$,$"$k!#3F!9$N>CHq-Mh$N@83h$rM=A[$9$k!#4k6H2H$O8=:_$N>CHq-Mh$N4k6H$N;Q$rM=A[$9$k!#A40w$,8=:_$N7J5$$N>u67$r4Q;!$7<+8J$N9TF0$rF|!97hCG$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!>CHq:b$HEj;q:b$NF0$-$O1&5S$H:85S$NF0$-$K;w$F$$$k!#$b$7!"9T$/l9g$NJb9T$O!"1&5S$H:85S$NF0$-$,$"$?$+$b(B1$BBP$G!"N>5S$NF0$-$,(B1$B<+M3EY7O$N$h$&$K8+$($k$@$m$&!#9T$/l9g!"N>5S$NF0$-$O#2<+M3EY7O$GF0$/!#(B
$B!!$3$N$h$&$K!">CHq:b$HEj;q:b$O!"0BDj$7$?Dj>o7P:Q$NCf$G$O#M#P#C$,0lDj$KJ];}$5$l!"(B1$B<+M3EY7O$N$h$&$KF0$/$N$G$"$m$&!#$=$7$F!"7P:Q$NF0$-$,;~4VE*$KIT0BDj$J>uBV$K$J$k$H!"3F:b2_$OFHN)$K<+M30U;V$GF0$-!"FHN)@-$H$$$:b2_K\Mh$N@-
(18)$B!!(B$BEj;q$KBP$9$k%1%$%s%:>h?t!"(B1/(1-MPC)$B$OB8:_$7$J$$$N$@$+$i!"$b$A$m$s!"(B$BAE@G>h?t!"(BMPC/(1-MPC)$B$bB8:_$7$J$$(B$B!#$3$N$3$H$O!"@G$OA4BN=jF@$NCf$G$N=jF@$G$"$k$N$@$+$iEvA3$G$"$k!#$J$*!"$3$N9`$N>\:Y$K$D$$$F$O!"1QJ8!"(B
Chapter1$B!"(B5.1$B$r;2>H$5$l$?$$!#(B
(19)$B!!(B$Bh?t8z2LM}O@$K$O!"$b$C$H:,K\E*$K=EBg$J7g4Y$,$"$k!#A0@a$G=R$Y$?DL$j!"9qL17P:Q7W;;$K$h$C$F7P:QLdBj$r2r@O$9$k$H$-$K$O!"
Fig.5-2$B$O!"(B$B;~7ONs7?!JKt$O!"3d9g7?!K%$%s%W%C%H!&%"%&%H%W%C%H?^(B$B$r<($9!#K\?^$N?eJ?<4$O;~7ONs$H$7$F$N<4$O$=$N@8;:9b$KBP1~$9$k
$B!J(B1$B!K!!B>$N=jF@$NI}$N>l9g$HF1$8$/!"1D6HM>>j!J?^Cf$N(BProfit$B!K$NI}$O!"A4$FA4BN(BY1$B$KBP$9$k$=$NItJ,$N3d9g$r<($9!#(B
$B!J(B2$B!K!!1D6HM>>j$O!"@8;:9b(BY2$B$N(B1$BJQ?t4X?t$G$"$k$N$G!"$b$77P:Q$,Dj>o>uBV$K$"$k$J$i$P!"M?$($i$l$?1D6HM>>j$KBP$7$F!"@8;:9b(BY2$B$O0l0U$KDj$^$k!#(B
(3) $B!!(BGVA$BA}J,&$(BY$B$O!"&$(BY =$B&$&P(B +$B&$(BW
+$B&$(BD$B!"$3$3$K!"&P!a1D6HM>>j!"(BW$B!a8[MQ$C$F!"$3$N7P:Q%b%G%k$G7P:Q2r@OM}O@$r:n$k$H!"&P$O(BY$B$H@5HfNc$7$F$$$k$N$G!"2r@O<0$NCf$K!"(B$B&$(BY$B$H&$(BW$B$K4X$9$k@5HfNc4X78<0$@$1$,8=$l$k(B$B!#(B
$B!!(BW$B$O!"V +
WF$B!"$3$3$K!"(BWV$B!a(BY$B$KHfNc$9$k@.J,!"(BWF$B!a(BY$B$KHfNc$7$J$$@.J,!"$HI=$5$l!"(BW$B$O!"(B2$BJQ?t4X?t$G$"$k!#7J5$JQF0$,$"$k>l9g$K$O!"(BWF$B$O!"Dj?t$G$O$J$/!"7P1Du67$K1~$8$F<+8J$N0U;W$G7h$a$kJQ?t$G$"$k!#B($A!"7P1Du672<$K$"$C$F$b!"&P(B/Y$B$r0lDj$KJ]$D$h$&$K!"$"$k$$$O!"&P!d(B0$B$r0];}$9$k$h$&$K!"(BWV$B$H(BWF$B$NN>J}$rJQ2=$5$;$k!#7J5$$NJQF0$rBP>]$H$9$k7P:Q2r@O$KEv$?$C$F$O!"7h$7$F&$(BWF=
0$B$H$7$F$O$J$i$J$$!#$=$7$F!"<:6H2r@OLdBj$H$O!"$^$5$7$/!"&$(BWF$B$KBP$9$kLdBj$J$N$G$"$k!#(B
Fig.5-2
$B;~7ONs7??^(B
|
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$B!J(B1$B!K!!86E@$HCe$N$I$NE@$b!"A[A|>e$N:BI8E@!J(B$BA[A|>e$N:G=*@8;:9b(B$B!"(B$BA[A|>e$N:G=*=jF@(B$B!K$r<($9!#(B
$B!J(B2$B!K!!1D6HM>>j!J?^Cf$N(BProfit$B!K$O!"(BGVA$BCf$N8GDjHq$HJQF0HqHfN($H!"@8;:9b$N(B3$BJQ?t4X?t$G$"$k!#$b$7!":_8K$r9MN8$9$l$P!"Bh(B1$BIt!"!x(B2
$BA4It862A7W;;!&2q7W%7%9%F%`!JFC5vL@:Y=q!K$K=R$Y$i$l$?B;1WJ,4t@~$,B8:_$9$k!#(B
$B!!K\?^$O!"F~NO$H=PNO$N4X78$+$i@8$8$kB;1WJ,4tE@$r4^$_!"8=pJs$K4p$E$$$F!"%$%s%W%C%H!"%"%&%H%W%C%H$rD4@0$9$k$3$H$K$h$C$F!"4k6H7P1D$,$J$5$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!$J$*!"B;1WJ,4tE@?^$N7A$O2q7W4|4VFb$G>o$K$f$lF0$$$F$$$k!"2?8N$J$i!"8GDjHq$H$_$J$7$?HqMQ$b!"o$KJQ2=$7$F$$$k$+$i$G$"$k!#(B
Fig5-2 $BB;1WJ,4tE@7??^(B |
$B!!Fs$D$N?^$K$*$$$F!"(BY2$B$OF10l$N0LCV$K$"$k$N$G!"N>?^$O:.F1$5$l0W$$$,!"A4$/JL$N35G0$rI=$9$N$G$"$k!#(BFig.3-3$B$K<($9%1%$%s%:>h?t8z2L?^$O!";~7ONs7?$N?^$G$"$k!#$3$N7?$N?^$+$i!"&$(BG$B$K4X$7$F$I$N$h$&$J>pJs$rF@$k$3$H$,$G$-$k$@$m$&$+!#&$(BG$B!JJd@5M=;;$K$*$1$kDI2CM=;;!K(B/G$B!JEv=iM=;;Kt$O:G=*M=;;!K$K4X$9$k;~7ONsJ?6Q3d9g$,5a$a$i$l$k$@$1$G$"$m$&!#$b$A$m$s!"$=$N>l9g$N&$(BG$B$K8+9g$&=jF@$NJQ2=$O!"&$(BG$B$=$N$b$N$KEy$7$$!#C"$7!"(B$B&$(BG$B$O=jF@$N7k2L(B$B!"(B$B@8;:$5$l$F$$$k$b$N$J$N$G!"?t3XE*$K$O!"A4BN=jF@$NJQ2=$O$J$$(B$B!#(B
$B!!9qL17P:Q7W;;$O4k6HB;1W7W;;=q$NE}9g$G$"$k$+$i!"EvA3$J$,$i!"9qL17P:Q$O!"8D!9$N4k6H$NB;1W7W;;=q$NE}9g$5$l$?F0$-$r<($9!#$=$l$,(BFig.3-13$B$G$"$k!#Mx1W!a(B0$B$NE@$H$O!"(BK$BE@M#(B1$BE@$G$"$k!#(BFV$B$H(BFF$B$NN>J}$,FHN)JQ?t$G$"$k!#$3$l$,8=h?t8z2L$bB8:_$9$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$!#(B
Fig.3-13$B!!B;1WJ,4tE@7?&$(B G-Y $B?^(B |
Fig.3-13$BCf$NA}J,$NItJ,$O!"8+$+$1$O>/$70c$C$F$$$k$,!"FbMF$O(BFig.3-14$B$HF10l$G$"$k!#(B
Fig.3-14$B!!B;1WJ,4tE@7?&$(B G-Y $B?^(B |
$B!!$3$NItJ,(B(19)$B$N5-=RFbMF$O!"?78EE5GI!J%1%$%s%:M}O@$G$bF1$8$/;HMQ!K$NBh(B1$B8x=`!Vr7o<0!"&$&P(B
= $B&$(BY2 - ($B&$(BW(wages)
+ $B&$(BD$B!J(B depreciation) ) = 0$B$N@5H]$K4X78$,$"$k$h$&$J5$$,$9$k!#$=$NM}M3$O!"!J(B1$B!K862A$O!"DB6b$r4^$a$F!"(B$B8GDjHq(B$B!J@8;:NL$KHfNc$7$J$$$GJQ2=$9$k862A!"0lDjCM$H$$$&0UL#$G$O$J$/!"?M4V$N0U;V$G7h$^$kJQ?t$N(B1$B$BJQF0Hq(B$B!J@8;:NL$KHfNc$7$FJQ2=$9$k862A!K$H$+$i$J$j(B
$B!"!J(B2$B!K&$&P(B=0$B$H$O!"&P!aDj?t!JGd>e(BY$B$NBg>.$K4X$o$i$:Mx1W$O0lDj!#!K$r0UL#$7!"Mx1W$N6KBg>r7o$G$O$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$+$i$G$"$k!#(B
$B!!8GDj;qK\8:LW$,$[$\0lDj$H$_$J$;$k2q7W4|4VFb$G$O!"<0(B(3-40)$B$K$h$j!"(B$B&$&P(B=
(1 - a V) $B&$(BY - $B&$(BWF$B!#$3$3$K!"(Ba
V = WV / Y($BJQF0HqDB6bHfN(!K!"(B$B&$(BWF=$B8GDjHqDB6bA}J,(B
$B!"(B$B&$(BY
= $B&$(BWV + $B&$(BWF$B!#$3$3$G!"(B$B&$&P(B/$B&$(BY$B!a(B0$B$H$O!"(B$B&P(B=const.$B!"DB6b@~$,(B45$BEY@~!J(BGDP$B@~(B)$B$HJ?9T$G$"$k$3$H$r0UL#$9$k!#(B
$B&$&P(B = 0$B$N>r7o$O!"Mx1W6KBg$N>r7o$G$O$J$/$F!"(BY
= W + $B&P(B(const.) + D(const.)$B!"B($A(B$B&$(BY
=$B&$(BW$B$H2>Dj$9$k$3$H$r0UL#$9$k!#$3$N$h$&$J$3$H$O!"4k6H$Ne$H(B$B&$(BWF$B$NA}8:$rDL$8$F:GBgMx1W!JN(!KKt$O:G>.B;<:3[$N$B@8;:$K!"Mx1W3NJ]$N>r7o$O$"$C$F$b!"Mx1W6KBg$N>r7o$OB8:_$7$J$$(B$B$H;W$&(B$B!#$=$l$G!"$=$b$=$b!"Bh(B1$B8x=`$N@5H]<+BN$,!"I.
[$B$3$NCJMn$NO@=RL$3NDj!#(B$B%_%/%m7P:Q3X$K$*$$$F!"@8;:6Q9U$K$*$$$F$O!"@8;:4X?t!J@8;:MWAG(B=$BFHN)JQ?t!#@8;:?tNL!a=>B0JQ?t!K$KBP$7$F!"5,LO$K4X$7$F<}3OD~8:$N@-Dj$9$k!#(B$B$"$k$$$O!"Mx1W$,@8;:MWAGJQ?t$NJQ2=$KBP$7$F6KCM$r;}$D$b$N$H2>Dj$7!"$=$N>r7o$N2<$G4k6H$O@8;:4X?t$rDj$a$k$b$N$H$9$k!#$=$7$F$3$N2>Dj$KH?$9$k$3$H$O!"5/$3$j$($J$$$J$$$b$N$H$9$k!#8=:_!"7P1D$C$F$$$k$3$H$r5?$&$B@8;:$K$*$$$F!"Mx1W6KBg86M}$OB8:_$7$J$$!"$"$k$$$O!"(B$B&$&P(B = 0$B$rFCDj$9$k(B$B@8;:(B$BMWAG$d:b2_?tNL$NJ,G[$OB8:_$7$J$$(B$B$H$$$&$3$H$G$"$k!#(B$B>e5-$NO@=R$K$O!"(B$B&P(B(const.)
$B$r;H$C$F$*$j!"B?J,I.MhM}O@$K$*$1$k@8;:4X?t$N7A$N2>Dj$K$b$*$+$7$$2DG=@-$,$"$j!"7P:Q2r@O>e$NK\e!"O@=R$9$k!#(B2007/9/19]
$B!!$J$*!">e=R$K$b4X$o$i$:!"O+F/u67$,B8:_$9$k!J4k6H$K$*$1$kO+F/NONL$O!"O+F/$B$3$N$3$H$O!"(BFig5-2$B$K<($9(B$BB;1WJ,4tE@7?(B$B&$(B
G-Y $B?^$K$*$$$F!"1tD><4$N862A$K4^$^$l$kO+F/NONL$O!"2#<4$N:G=*@8;:J*<{MWNL$rK~$?$9$h$&$K7h$a$i$l$k$H$$$&$3$H$r0UL#$7$F$$$k!#$3$N?dO@$O!"(BY
= W + $B&P(B(const.)+ D(const.)$B$H$$$&8m$C$?2>Dj$r:NMQ(B$B$7$F$b(B$B!"$=$l$rJd$C$F!"$J$*@5$7$$!#:#!"K\@a$G;O$a$F<($5$l$?F1?^$r8+$l$PEv$?$jA0$N?dO@$G$"$k$,!"%1%$%s%:$,!X8[MQ!&Mx;R$*$h$S2_J>$N0lHLM}O@!Y$rCx$7$?Ev;~$K$O!"B;1WJ,4tE@7?MM<0$GI=$5$l$kMx1W?^$N35G0$,B?J,$^$@7P:Q3X$NJ,Ln$K$^$G$O9-$^$C$F$$$J$+$C$?!JB?J,:#$G$b!K$3$H$r9M$($l$P(B*$B!"6C$/$Y$-?dO@$G$"$k!#(B
*$B9b66(B
$B;K0B(B(1982)$B!VB;1WJ,4tE@J,@O$N5/8;$K$D$$$F!W!X>&3X=8;V!Y!"F|K\Bg3X>&3X8&5f2q!"(B51(4).
[1982.02]$B!"(B107$B!](B137
$B%Z!<%8!(!!K\J88%$K$h$k$H!"(B1930$BG/Be=i4|$G$O!"B;1WJ,4tE@?^$,2q7WJ,Ln$K$*$$$F$b!"$^$7$FB>$NJ,Ln$K$O!"9-$^$C$F$$$J$+$C$?2DG=@-$,9b$$!#(B
$B!!$7$+$7$J$,$i!":G6a$O!"%1%$%s%:$N:"$H$O<:6H$NH/@8860x$,$9$C$+$jJQ$o$C$F$7$^$C$?$H$$$&$3$H$r;XE&$7$F$*$-$?$$!#Nc$($P!"0l@NA0$NF|K\$rA0$K$9$kJF9q!"Cf9q$rA0$K$9$k8=:_$NF|K\!"$3$l$+$i$NEl2$=t9q$rA0$K$9$k@>B&%h!<%m%C%Q=t9q$J$I$K$*$$$F$O!"C1=c@=B$6HO+F/$KBP$9$kO+F/NO$H$7$F!"9qFb?M$r9M$($J$$$H$$$&$3$H$K$J$C$F$-$F$*$j!"?7$7$$<:6H$N860x$H$J$C$F$-$F$$$k!#(B
[$B$3$N9`!J(B19$B!K$N5-=R$O!"8eF|D{@5$9$k$+$b$7$l$J$$!#C"$7!"%1%$%s%:>h?t8z2L<0$N8m$j$N7kO@$K$O1F6A$7$J$$!#(B2007/2/5]
(20)$B!!(B$B!J(B1$B!K(B$B=i4|Ej;q(BΔI$B$rl(B$B9g!"(B$B$=$NJ,$@$1<{MW(BΔI$B$,A}2C$7!"$=$N7k2L!"@8;:(BΔI$B$,A}2C$9$k!#@8;:(BΔI$B$O!"(BGVA$B$K=>$C$F=jF@(BΔI$B$KJQ$o$k!#!J(B2$B!K=jF@(BΔI$B$O:#EY$O!">CHq<{MW(BMPC ·
ΔI$B$r9b$a$k!#$=$N>CHq<{MW$O!"@8;:$N(BMPC · ΔI$B$r@8$8$5$;$k!#$=$N@8;:$O!"=jF@$NA}2C(BMPC ·
ΔI$B$KJQ$o$k!#!J(B3$B!K$3$N=jF@$NA}2C(BMPC · ΔI$B$O!"F1MM$K$7$F!"(BMPC2·
ΔI$B$N>CHq$H@8;:$H=jF@$r9b$a$k!#!J(B4$B!K$+$/$7$F!"$3$N%U%#!<%I%P%C%/2aDx$,2?;~$^$G$b7+$jJV$5$l$k7k2L!">h?t8z2L$,@8$8!":G=i$N(BΔI$BEj;q$K$h$C$F!"=jF@A}2C(B
ΔY= ΔI + MPC · ΔI +
MPC2· ΔI + ·
· · = ΔI/$B!J(B1 - MPC)$B$rF@$k!#(B
$B!!3FCJ3,$G!">CHq<{MW$NA}2C!a>CHq:b$N@8;:$NA}2C!a@8;:$K$h$k=jF@$NA}2C$,@.N)$7$F$*$j!"$I$3$K$bL7=b$,$J$$$h$&$K8+$($k!#(B$B$3$NO@M}$,>h?t8z2LM}O@$r?@3J2=$7$?O@M}$G$"$k!#$3$NO@M}$O?t3XE*$K8m$j$G$"$k$H@bL@$9$k$3$H$,BgJQFq$7$$!#$=$&$$$&Lu$G!"$3$N9`$N@bL@$OD9$/$J$k!#(B
$B!!$N2?$+$,!"F/$$$?$iF/$$$?J,$@$1$N:b2_!JC*27;q;:!K$,:n$i$l$k!#$=$l$i$N:b2_$,Gd$i$l!JeNL$,Dj$^$C$F!K$F;O$a$FMx1W$,J,$+$k!#MW$9$k$K!"DL>o!"F/$+$:$7$F!"Gd$i$l$:$7$F!"<+F0E*$K:b2_$b=jF@$b@8$^$l$J$$!#8=
$B<~CN$N$h$&$K!">h?t8z2L$NO@M}$O!"
1/$B!J(B1-x$B!K!!(B=$B!!(B1+$B#x(B+$B#x(B2+
· · ·$B!!!!!!!!!!(B
[|x|<1], x=MPC$B!!!!(B |
$B!J(B6-1$B!K(B |
$B#x(B/$B!J(B1-x$B!K!!(B=$B!!#x(B(1+$B#x(B+$B#x(B2+
· · ·$B!!(B)$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(B |
$B!J(B6-2$B!K(B |
$B!!5i?t(B($BEyHf?tNs!K$NO@M}$O!"(BFig.6-1$B$K<($9$h$&$K!"8GDjHq&$(BI$B$+$i$J$k=i4|Ej;q$,JQF0Hq$+$i$J$k>CHq&$(BCCR$B$r<+F0E*$K@8$_=P$;$k$+$H$$$&LdBj$K5"Ce$9$k!#$3$NO@M}$O!"K\CHq&$(BCCR$B$rM?$($?$H$-!"<+F0E*$K&$(BYCR
= $B&$(BCCR / MPC$B$,F@$i$l$k$+$H$$$&LdBj$HF1$8$G$"$k!#(B
Fig.6-1 |
$B!!:G=i$K!"@/I\$K$h$kEj;q;Y=P&$(BG2$B$K$h$k>h?t8z2L<0&$(BY1$B!a&$(BG2/(1-MPC)$B$,@.$jN)$D$+$K$D$$$F8@5Z$9$k!#(B$B!J(B10$B!K(B$B$G@bL@$7$?DL$j!"K\<0$K$*$$$F$O%1%$%s%8%"%s%/%m%9>r7o$,@.$jN)$C$F$$$J$$$N$G!"K\<0$O?t3XE*$K8m$j$G$"$k!#(B$B=>$C$F!"@/I\$K$h$kK\<0$K4p$E$/<:6HBP:v$O?t3XE*$KL50UL#$G$"$k$N$G!"0J9_!"K\<0$O9M;!$NBP>]$H$7$J$$!#(B
$B!!LdBj$O!"(BFig.5-5$B!"%1%$%s%:86Cx?^$K8=$l$k<0&$(BY1$B!a&$(BIT/(1-MPC)$B$G$"$k!#&$(BIT$B$K$OL14VEj;q$,Bg$$$K4X78$9$k!#(B
Fig.5-5 |
$B!!K\<0$O!"(BΔY1$B!a(BΔY2$B$G$"$k$N$G!"(BΔY2
= $B&$(BIT/(1-MPC)$B$r$B$3$N<0$O!"5-9f4V$N4X78<0$H$7$F$O?t3XE*$K@5$7$$!#(B$B$7$+$7$J$,$i!"$3$N4X78$O!"&$(BIT$B$N6!5k$HF1;~$K!"(BMPC$B$NHfN((B( = ΔC2 /
ΔY2)$B$rJ]$A$D$D!">CHq:b(BΔC2$B$,F1;~$K6!5k$5$l!"3n$D(B$B9XGc$5$lB3$1$F(B$B!";O$a$F@.$jN)$D<0$G$"$k!#(B$B=i4|Ej;q&$(BIT$B$K$h$C$F!"7k6I$O!"&$(BIT$B$HEy2A$J=jF@&$(BIT$B$,F@$i$l$k$@$1$G$"$k$3$H$r?^$h$jM}2r$5$l$?$$!#(B
$B!!$=$l$G$O!">h?t8z2L$r=R$Y$?:G=i$NItJ,$NJ8>O$O$I$&=$@5$5$l$k$Y$-$J$N$G$"$m$&$+!#:G=i$NJ8>O!"!J(B1$B!K!V=i4|Ej;q(BΔI$B$rl9g!"!&!&!&(BGVA$B$K=>$C$F=jF@(BΔI$B$KJQ$o$k!#!W$O!"(BΔI2$B!J4k6H$K$h$k@8;:$H$=$N9XF~!K!a(BΔI3$B!J4k6H$K$*$1$k862A$HMx1W!K!a(BΔI1$B!J(BΔI3$B$KAjEv$9$k(BΔGVA$B!K$r0UL#$7!"$3$l$O!":#$N$H$3$m@5$7$$!#(B
$B!!$5$F!"5-9f$N@aLs$N$?$a$K!"9q$N:b@/$O9M$($J$$$b$N$H$9$k!#&$(BG2$B$NLdBj$O9M;!$NBP>]30$G$"$k$3$H$H(B($B&$(BG2
=
0)$B!"$3$NLdBj$O(BGVA$BMWAG4V$NA}J,$NLdBj$G$"$k$H$$$&$3$H$+$i!"$3$N$3$H$K$h$C$F!"O@M}E*$JIT@09g$O5/$-$J$$!#(BΔI$B$N86;q!J%$%s%W%C%H!K$O2?$G$"$m$&$+!#$=$l$O!"Ej;q:b$N8GDj;qK\8:LW(BΔD$B!J!a(B0$B!K$HCyC_(BΔS
= Δ$B&P(BI + Δ$B&P(BC + ΔWI
+ ΔWC - ΔC$B$G$"$k!#$3$3$K!"&P(B =
$BMx1W!"(B W =$BDB6b!"2$l!"$=$N:b2_$KB0$9$k$3$H$r<($9!#(B
$B!!l9g!"!W$H$$$&J8@a$K$O!"!VEj;q:b(BΔI$B$N$_$r@8;:5Z$SHNGd$7!">CHq:b(BΔC$B$O@8;:$7$J$$!W$H$$$&$3$H$,8@30$K0EL[$NA0Ds$H$7$FMW@A$5$l$F$$$k$N$G$"$k(B$B!#=>$C$F!"(BΔC
= Δ$B&P(BC= ΔWC = 0 $B$rF@$k!#$=$N7k2L!"(BΔS
= Δ$B&P(BI + ΔWI$B$G$"$k!#$3$NA0Ds$N2<$G$O!"EvA3$J$,$i!"=jF@A}J,(B($B!aDB6bA}J,(B+$BMx1WA}J,(B)$B$O(BΔI$B$N@8;:$N$?$a$KA4It;H$o$l!">CHq$,A}2C$9$k$3$H$O$J$$!#=>$C$F!":G=i$NJ8>O(B(1)$B$r!V=i4|Ej;q:b(BΔI$B$N$_$,@8;:$5$l!"HNGd$5$l$k>l9g!"!W$H=q$-D>$;$P!"0UL#$,L@NF$K$J$j!"!J(B2$B!K!"!J(B3$B!K!"!J(B4$B!K$NJ8>O$O@.N)$7$J$$!#(B
$BA0=R$K$*$$$F!"%1%$%s%:86Cx?^%7%9%F%`$K$*$$$F$O!"!VEj;q:b&$(BI$B$N$_$r@8;:5Z$SHNGd$7!">CHq:b(BΔC$B$O@8;:$7$J$$!W$H$$$&$3$H$,0EL[$NA0Ds$H$7$FMW@A$5$l$F$$$k$H$7$?$,!"(B$Be!"$=$NMW@A$r5v$5$J$$!#(B$B%1%$%s%:86Cx?^%7%9%F%`$K$*$$$F$O!"(BΔC2$B$H(BΔIT$B$O(B1$BBP$G$"$j!"@Z$jN%$;$J$$$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B!!=>$C$F!"A0=R$ND{@5J8$OCHq:b(BΔC2$B$N@8;:$HL14VEj;q:b$N@8;:(BΔIT$B$r!"0lDj4|4VFb$K!"(BMPC$BBP(B1-MPC$B$NHf$G!"F1;~$K!"3Ne$2$k$3$H$,$G$-$l$P!"DI2CE*=jF@(BΔC1
= ΔC2$B!"(BΔI1 = ΔIT$B$rF1$8Hf$GF@$k!#!Wh?t8z2L$K4X$9$kJ8>O!J(B2$B!K!"!J(B3$B!K!"!J(B4$B!K$OB3$+$J$$!#$3$N:G=i$NJ8>O!J(B1$B!K$N;\:v(B
$B$r3N
$B!!B($A!"(B$B!V(B$B=i4|Ej;q(BΔI($B$N$_!K$rl9g!"(B$B!W$H$$$&J8@a$H!"%1%$%s%:>h?t8z2LM}O@$ON>N)$7$J$$(B$B!#7P:Q;\:v$,$3$NDL$j$G$"$l$P!"(BMPC$B>r7o$O0];}$5$l$J$$$7!"$=$NJ8@a$r!VDI2CE*Ej;q(BΔI$B$H>CHq(BΔC$B$rl9g!"!W$H2~$a$l$P!">h?t8z2L$OB8:_$7$J$$!#(B
$B!!=>$C$F!"7k6I!"K\9`(B$B!J(B20$B!K(B$B$N:G=i$NCJMn$N(B$BA4$F$NJ8>O!"!V!J(B1$B!K=i4|Ej;q(BΔI$B$rl9g!"!&!&!&!"!J(B4$B!K!&!&!&(B = ΔI/$B!J(B1 -
MPC)$B$rF@$k!#!W$O!"(BMPC$B>r7o$r
$B!!(B元に戻り、「消費刺激のために、国より、定額支出金ΔCMONEYを国民に$B;Y5k(Bした場合、限界貯蓄性向分$B!J@G6b(B=0$B!K(Bの投資資金ΔIMONEYが誘発され、その結果、消費財ΔC(=ΔCMONEY)の生産とは別に、資本財ΔI(=ΔIMONEY)が生産される。」という命題は正しいだろうか。これは、不況のときには成り立たない。この理由は、消費財Cと資本財Iとは財貨の種類が違うからである。不況のときには、消費財と資本財に対する設備は、人員を含めて過剰設備となっており、定額支出金ΔCMONEYはその年に貯蓄に回らないという仮定をしても、支出金ΔCMONEYは消費財ΔCに変り得るが、資本財ΔIは新規に生まれないのである。なお、翌年に、ΔCが減少すれば、財貨の生産状況は元に戻り、借入金ΔCMONEYだけが残る。
$B!!$3$NItJ,$NO@M}$OHs>o$K=EMW$G$"$k!#(B(a)$B$[$\40A48[MQ>uBV$K$*$$$F(B$B!"(B(b)$B;qK\:b(BI$B$KBP$9$k@_Hw$,2a>j@_Hw$G$J$/!"(B(c)$B;:6H$N=cMx1W$,J?6QE*$K9u;z$G!"(B(d)$B8x6&;qK\:b$,;:6H8zN($KM-8z$KLrN)$C$F$*$j!"(B(e)$B6bM;5!4X$NJ]M-;q;:$,7rA4$G$"$k>l9g$K$*$$$F!"L14V>CHq:b$N(B$B<+$B$O?75,;qK\:b(BΔIMONEY$B$NM6H/F05!$H$J$j!"6d9T$h$j4k6H$KAOB$;q6b(BΔIMONEY$B$N6!5k$,$J$5$l$l$P!"(BΔIMONEY$B$O:b2_(BΔI$B$KE>2=$9$k!#$=$7$F!"(B$B$=$NE>2=$ND>8e$K!J$"$k$$$O!"F1;~?J9T$G!K(B$BDB6b$NA}J,(B$B$,8B3&CyC_@-8~$,Dj?t$H$7$F0];}$5$l$kJ,$@$1A}2C$5$l$l$P!"(BGDP$B$,A}(B$B2C$9$k!#DB6b$NA}2C$,$J$5$l$J$1$l$P!"$9$0$K;qK\:b@_Hw$O2a>j$H$J$k!#DcDB6b5a?&l9g$O!"KtJL$N8=>]$,5/$-$k!#!!!!!!!!!J(B$BCm0U!*(B$B9`L\(B(25)$B;2>H$N$3$H!#$3$3$NCJMn$NO@=R$O!"B?J,8m$C$F$$$k!#$I$N$h$&$J(B$B@/I\;Y=P!J:DL3D62a5_:Q$r=|$/!K(B$B$b!"7k6I$O>CHq:b(B+$BEj;q:b!a;:6H3&$K$h$kH/@8(BGVA$B!"$K2s$j!"G/EYFb$G$N7P:Q8z2L$OF1$8$G$"$k!#7J5$!"IT7J5$$KBP$9$k8z2L$H$7$F$O!"$=$N;Y=P$K$h$C$F;:=P$5$l$kEj;q:b$,$=$N8e$N7J5$!"IT7J5$$KG!2?$K1F6A$9$k$+$H$$$&LdBj$K$9$jBX$k!#Nc$($P!"0eNEJd=u$NEj;q@-8~J,$O!"LtIJ4k6H!"0eNE4X78C$5$l$l$P650i5!4X$N!">CHq$K2s$l$P>CHq:b;:6H$N!"CyC_$K2s$l$P!"6d9TM;;q$rDL$8$FITFCDj;:6H$N;qK\:b$K2s$k!#3t<0Ej;q$K8~$1$i$l$l$P!"!J8:2A=~5Q$N$J$$!K3t2A$N>e>:$K2s$k!#;Y=P$N8B3&>CHq@-8~J,$N7P:Q2ACM$O!"2H7W$K$*$1$k>CHq:b2_$NLG<:$K$h$C$FG/EYFb$KLG<:$9$k$,!"6PO+$8$k!#(B2010/9/24)$B!#(B
$B!!Bg(B好況時と$BBg(B不況時の経済過程$B$O!"8_$$$K(B逆過程と$B$O(Bならない。何故なら、$BIT67(Bのとき$B$H9%67$N$H$-$G(Bは、$BA0=R$N7P:Q$NA0Ds>r7o(Bが$BA4$/(B変わってしま$B$$(B、別の$B7P:Q(B現象が起きるからである。即ち、$B7P:Q(B現象は非可逆現象である。
(21)
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$B;29MJ88%!'(BPaul
A. Samuelson,
THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT, WEBSITE, http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/home.htm
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(22)
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$B!!(B日本国で、累積国債発行額が異常に膨れ上がった原因は、大きく二つある。一つは、投資乗数効果を基礎とするケインズ有効需要原理$B!JM-8z<{MW$N86M}!K(B理論が本来、政府による失業救済のための理論であったにも関わらず、日本国では、その目的を超えて、その理論が$B$"$k;~4|$+$i!"(B(1)経済発展と、(2)経済不況克服と、(3)内需拡大のための基礎理論として適用され$B$k$h$&$K$J$C$?(B。そして、何ということか、実は、この理論を支える基本式そのものが誤っていたのだ。しかしながら、この基本式の誤りは世界中で共通である。日本国のこの異常事態は、或る理論をその理論の適用範囲を超えて適用してしまったという政策上の誤りから生じたというよりは、或る思想を正しいと信じこんだら、懐疑を含む多方面からの議論を一切許さない一途な国民性から生じたものであると思う。
$B!!(Bこの主題に関しては、次の事項が関係する。1971年、米国の変動為替相場制採用と1973年第1次石油危機から生じた不況対策。1980年代の対米自動車輸出の急増に伴う日米貿易摩擦問題の深刻化。1990年、日米構造協議における日本国の内需拡大策の表明(翌年度より、10年間で430兆円の公共投資を約束)。1991年から始まったバブル経済の破綻から生じた大不況に対処するための公共投資。
$B!!(Bなお、現在(2006)、国の公共事業支出は既に、バブル経済が始まる前の規模に戻っている。従って、ケインズ投$B;q>h?t8z2L<0$N8m$j$K$h$k7P:Q4m5!LdBj$O!"9q:D$N856bJV:QLdBj$rJL$K$9$l$P!"4{$K=*$o$C$F$$$k!#(B4$B>r8x:D$NH/9T3[$O8=:_(B250$BC{1_DxEY!"$=$NH>J,6a$/$O!"%P%V%kGK$?$sA0$KH/9T$5$l$F$$$k!#8=:_$NF|K\9q$N7P:Q4m5!$K4X$9$kLdBj$O!"8x6&Ej;q$G$O$J$/!"(B$B8x6&>CHq(B$B$G$"$k!#FCNc8x:D$OJ?@.(B8$BG/$4$m(B(70$BC{1_DxEY(B)$B$+$i5^7c$KA}Bg$7!"8=:_(B450$BC{1_$^$G$KKD$l>e$,$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!8x6&>CHq$NLdBj$H$O!"(B典型的な消費支出(現在の1年間に発生する財貨とサービス価値の滅失)である年間の$B@/I\(B社会保障費用を現在の$B@G<}(B($BcIiC4$r4^$`(B)の範囲内に収めず、その結果として、その$B:b@/(B欠損額は、国民の蓄積貯蓄の再投資回収(売上げによる投資回収)が期待できない費消となったことである。
$B!!(Bこの誤りは、日本国における高齢化社会の到来とは本来、無関係であり、この問題は、過去から引き継ぐ誤った経済思想とそれに基づく政策から生じている。この問題はケインズ乗数効果理論とは無関係であり、経済学の大失敗の故である。政治家の無責任は、第2義的なものである。何故なら、政治家と官僚、マスコミを含めて、経済学の理解は経済学者を超えることはないからである。$B$3$N;vBV$rC/$bM=A[$G$-$J$+$C$?$N$G$"$k$+$i!"<:GT$H$O$$$($J$$$,!">/$J$/$H$bLdBj$,82Cx$K$J$j;O$a$F$+$i$O;j5^$K7P:QJ}?K$rJQ99$9$Y$-$G$"$C$?!#(B
$B!!(B何故、「過去の世代の年金費用を現在と未来の世代が負担するべきである」という経済思想が経済学の中で長く続いていたのであろうか。$B$=$l$rG/6b@)EY@.N)$NNr;KE*$JM3Mh$N8N$H$9$k$N$O3XLd$NJ|4~$G$"$k!#L5=~$NG/6b$H$O!"(B$B@o;`73?M(B$B2HB2!"(B$B@o=}73?M(B$B!"(B$BB`Lr73?M(B$B$NLLE]$r8=Lr@$Be$,$_$k$?$a$N$b$N$G$"$k!#0lHL?M$N@83h$rL?$r$+$1$Fc$9$k$b$N$G$"$C$F!"DL>o?M$NL?$d@83h$rL5=~$Go?M$O!"@8$-$F$$$k4V!"<+J,C#$NF1@$BeF1;N$,!"2HB2$,!"M-=~$G=u$19g$&$Y$-$b$N$G$"$k!#7h$7$F!";R6!$d!"@8$^$l$F$$$J$$?M$,K4$/$J$C$?8+CN$i$L?M$N@83h$r;Y$($k$Y$-$b$N$G$O$J$$!#(B
$B$5$i$K!"(B「現在の人々の命の価値は、現在と将来の人々の生活(即ち、命)を脅かすほどのものであってはならない」という当たり前の考えを経済学者は何故叫んでこなかったの$B$G$"(Bろうか。経済学者は、経済$B3X>e$N(B真理の$BC55a$H(B主張に責任がある。経済学者は、大衆に迎合する必要はない。
$B!!(B国民経済計算におけるケインジアン3勘定システムによれば、法人を含む人々による現在の年次投資は、現在のその人々の年次貯蓄(gross)によるものである。過去の投資の今年度分投資回収額(借入金返済額)は、過去に投資した人々が全額受け取っており、投資していなかった人々は誰も受け取っていない。人の命を扱う医療費は、国の命を扱う軍事費という消費(年度内の生産物の$B2ACM$N(B消滅)と同じ経済的意味を持つもの$B$G$"$k(B。そして、全ての生物にとって、今一瞬より先の未来の生存を保証する原理は何も存在しない。子孫の生命よりも、自身の生命を優先する生物は存在しない。
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$B!!(B2013/11/11$B!!$"$H$,$-(B2$BDI2C(B
2013/1/1$B0lIt=$@5(B
$B;29MJ88%!!(B
(1) John Maynard Keynes, "The General
Theory of Employment, Interest and Money", 1997, GREAT MINDS SERIES, Prometheus
Books.$B!!K.Lu!!!V8[MQ!&Mx;R$*$h$S2_J>$N0lHLM}O@!W!$1vLnC+M40l!$ElMN7P:Q?7Js(2) James C. W. Ahiakpor, "On the Mythology of the
Keynesian Multiplier", http://www.geocities.com/ecocorner/intelarea/jmk7.html.
(3) Jochen Hartwig, "Trying to Make Sense of the Principle of Effective
Demand", the seventh international post Keynesian workshop, 2002;
URL, Trying to Make Sense of the Principle of Effective
Demand.
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$B!|!!(B$BJ?@.#2(B5$BG/(B3$B7n(B25$BF|!"(B第2章$B!!(Bレオンチェフ産業連関表解析法に代わる新しいキャッシュフロー行列解析法の提案$B$K!"(BCF$B9TNs2r@O$N?J9T>u67$rDI2C(B
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(c) Dec. 2003, Yuichiro
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